My hometown is on the bank of the Xihe River in the hinterland of Micang Mountain. Its name is Zhifangba, but later it became Zhifangba. The Xihe River runs across the eastern part of the mountain village from south to north, forming a dam of nearly one hundredEthiopia Sugar Daddy acres. The mountain village is tenEthiopia Sugar Several families are scattered in BaziEthiopians On the ridge to the west of Escort. In the middle of this mountain village stretches a ridge of more than 200 meters long and 100 meters high from west to east. Because there is an ancient tomb in the middle of the ridge, which is said to be the tomb of a royal family, so the master named this ridge It is the imperial tomb beam, and that ancient tomb is called the imperial tomb. More than fifty years ago, as a young child, I followed my older children, lighting kerosene lamps and exploring the royal tombs several times with a terrifying and mysterious mood. The imperial tomb only needs a doorway, and the deep tomb passage is made of tall and smooth stones, and the stones are The seams between the stones are so tight that the gaps are almost invisible. There is a stone door every one meter on both sides of the tomb passage. After passing a long section of the tomb passage, you arrive at a tomb chamber of about thirty square meters. It is still surrounded by dense stone doors. The chamberEthiopia Sugar was topped by ET EscortsAt night, you can see the small spiral stone masonry. In the middle, a stone slab about the size of a dining table is carved with strange talisman and seal patterns. If you look at it for a long time, you will feel dizzy. I clearly remember that there were 42 stone gates in the middle of the tomb passage and 16 stone gates around the tomb chamber. There was a dark wind inside the tomb, and the kerosene lamps were often blown around. My friends and I took the time to search for hemp money with small shovels in the air of the tomb, feeling uneasy and nervous. When Go Ethiopia Sugar Daddy confidently in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you have imagined. Everyone finds a buck or two After that, they immediately swarmed out like ghosts chasing their feet, and their mood was veryComforting and joyful. There is an old man surnamed Dong who is about fifty years old in the mountain village. He is tall and has a blind eye that sheds scarlet tears all year round. He looks very scary. It is said that his family has been guarding the imperial tombs for generations, so every time we explore the imperial tombs, we have to carefully avoid him and wait until he goes to work somewhere farther away before we dare to go. Around the 1970s of the last century, I was a teenager and I became more courageous. Because I dropped out of school and stayed at home, I read a lot of miscellaneous books and thought about adventures and other things all day long. One day when I had nothing to do, I went to explore the imperial tomb alone, hoping to find a few hemp coins to play with. In the dark tomb passage, I cautiously explored the path alone, preparing to light the kerosene lamp when I reached the tomb chamber. When I reached the stone gate of the fourth tomb passage, I heard the creaking sound of the stone gate. Old Man Dong walked out of it like a ghost and blocked me behind me. I had no mental preparation at all, and I had never thought that there was any space behind the stone door of the tomb. Suddenly I saw Old Man Dong appear, and I couldn’t help but feel the hair on my body standing on end, my scalp was numb, and I almost lost my mind. Old Man Dong was not as angry as I imagined, nor did he beat or scold me. Instead, he pulled me into a small room about five or six meters square behind the stone door. It turned out that this was the residence of the tomb keeper, and there were pots and pans everywhere. Everything is available. Mr. Dong told me in a serious tone: This is the tomb of Zhuge Liang, the modern scheming genius. It is best not to enter if you have nothing to do, otherwise it will be very unlucky to offend the immortal. I couldn’t help laughing after hearing this, what is Zhuge Liang’s tomb? You can just coax those melon babies. I learned from books that there was only one tomb in Dingjun Mountain in Mian County after Zhuge Liang’s death, and no one knows the real tomb. If this imperial tomb is Zhuge Liang’s tomb, I’m afraid it would have been excavated long ago and would it still be preserved to this day? Old Man Dong shook his gray head, with a look of uneducated contempt on his face: You bastard, you know what I want! Who among the older generation doesn’t understand? Just because they understand it, no one dares to dig it. Sima Yi was a very talented person back then. In order to excavate Zhuge Liang’s tomb, he wanted to find a unique military book. As a result, after finding the tomb and digging into the tomb passage, a large swarm of wasps suddenly flew out from the depths of the tomb passage and stung the Wei soldiers. They scurried away with their heads in their hands. The second time, Sima Yi asked the soldiers to burn the tomb first, and then dig the tomb. Ethiopians Sugardaddy Unexpectedly, a big fire lit the tomb passage. The buried explosives and an earth-shattering explosion killed countless Wei soldiers. Sima Yi then flooded the tomb with water for three days and three nights, and then dug into the tomb. After entering the tomb, I found a stone table in the center of the tomb with a military book underneath. Sima Yi was so surprised that he couldn’t help but read it immediately. However, after the tomb was flooded, the papers of the military book were glued together, so he could not turn over them smoothly., Sima Yi then dipped his index finger in saliva and looked through it. Unexpectedly, at the bottom of each article was written in large letters: Sima Yi is treated by life, Sima Yi is treated by death. The more Sima Yi read, the angrier he became. He kept drooling and flipping through it until he came to the last article, which still read: “Sima Yi will be cured by life, and Sima Yi will be cured by death.” At this time, Sima Yi’s mouth was dry, his heart was filled with anger, his lips were numb, and various terrifying phantoms appeared in front of him. Be alert immediately: Poisoned! He hurriedly rolled and crawled out of the tomb, and died in mourning before he could even mount his horse. YouEthiopians Escortthink about it, even a great figure like Sima Yi died in Zhuge Liang’s miraculous plot after his death, who would Dare you dig his old man’s grave again? After hearing this, I was still very unconvinced: How can you conclude that this is Zhuge Liang’s true tomb? Old Man Dong wiped the tears from his blind eyes and said, you really asked the right person about this! The family motto passed down from generation to generation by my Dong family ancestors is that even if you are begging for food, you must wait around the imperial tombs to protect the tombs of the sages from ratsEthiopia Sugar has small crumbs. He leisurely lit a pot of dry smoke and said longingly: It seems like a very far-off job. It is said that two thousand years ago, my ancestors made a living by hunting here in Zhifangba. One morning, my ancestor got up early and went up the mountain to hunt. When he walked to the royal tomb beam, he found four Shu warriors digging holes to bury people. He felt very strange. He didn’t know any of these people. Who was buried? So I hid aside and watched. After a while, several soldiers completed the burial and gathered together to discuss: Zhuge’s military advisor became ill due to overwork and died of illness in Wuzhangyuan. General Jiang Wei secretly returned the coffin to Shu without announcing the funeral. Now the Lord asked five of us Ethiopia Sugar to bury the matter secretly, but we were only rewarded with four silver ingots. It is unfair no matter how we divide it. , we might as well give up on the cowards who cook, Ethiopians EscortEach person gets a silver ingot to go home and live his life. How can this person be unaware of it? The others cheered loudly. So the four of them came to the foot of the mountain, chopped the Huotoujun who was cooking to death, then opened the lid of the pot and started eating. They just wanted to finish the meal quickly, divide the money and go home. ET Escorts Didn’t think soBefore the meal was finished, the four people struggled, rolled, and died one after another. It turned out that the fire-headed soldier also wanted to monopolize the four silver ingots, so he poisoned the food. Unexpectedly, the four soldiers killed him before they had eaten. Then, the four soldiers also walked up. The road to hell. This is really how people perish for wealth and birds perish for food. Old Man Dong went on to say that his ancestors learned that the person buried here was Zhuge Military Advisor who loved the people as his own son, so he called his family to bury the five Shu soldiers together on both sides of the imperial tomb, and contacted several nearby companies. Funds were raised to repair the tombs, and they were passed down from generation to generation to protect the tombs of the sages from being robbed by criminals. For thousands of years, the real tomb of Zhuge Liang’s military advisor has been preserved intact under the protection of the Dong family generation after generation. I said to Old Man Dong: Actually, five people were responsible for the burial, but only four silver ingots were given. This should be Zhuge Liang’s plan before his death. He took advantage of the weakness of human nature to deliberately provoke conflicts and kill each other. , in this way, no one knows where the real grave is. But days are not as good as people’s calculations, Ethiopians SugardaddyZhuge Liang never calculated Ethiopia SugarYour ancestors saw this happening. Fortunately, your ancestors were so loyal and have been waiting for his tomb for dozens of generations. Maybe this matter was also part of his old man’s plan. However, it is not certain whether this thing is true. Because I also know another buried version of Zhuge Liang. Old Man Dong was so angry that his face turned red: Say it, say it, let me see what you can say! So I told another version of burial that I knew ET Escorts. It is said that when Zhuge Liang was about to die, he orally passed on to his successor: After my death, there will definitely be a lot of people coming to rob the tomb. For the sake of safety, you don’t need to make any big arrangements. You only need to order four people to carry the coffin and go south. . Tell them to carry it to any place where the wood and ropes are broken, and they can bury it wherever they want. As a result Ethiopia Sugar the four soldiers discussed with each other on the way to carry the coffin: Such a new rope, such a strong funeral stick, If you carry it to the year of the ox and the month of the horse, will the wood break and the rope break? So that night, I didn’t know where I was in Daba Mountain, so I just buried the coffin. Motivation is what gets you started. Habit is what keeps you going. Buried on a yellow mud hill, and then returned to the palace to resume his life, lying that the wood had been broken, the ropes had been broken, and the coffin had been properly buried. Although Liu Chan, the later master, was ignorant and ignorant, he still understood common sense. How could the newly made stick and rope break after one day? This was definitely a lie about the military situation. In anger, he immediately ordered the execution of these four smart soldiers. But after the murder, the queen remembered where these four people buried Ethiopians Sugardaddy his adoptive father? I haven’t bothered to ask yet. In fact, this was something Zhuge Liang had already planned before his death. Of course, there is another version besides this: It is said that Zhuge Liang said before his death that he would choose the burial place and only needed to send four Ethiopia Sugar Daddy The soldiers can just carry the coffin and walk southward. As for where it is, when they reach that geomantic treasure place, the rope carrying the coffin will break. Then he was buried on the spot. In fact, Zhuge Liang had already calculated that the natural phenomenon of landslide would occur at a certain time and place, so when four soldiers carried the When the coffin reached that place, the rope was broken. According to customsEthiopia Sugar, the coffin could not reach the ground without burial. The soldiers were so frightened that they had to dig out a fountain on the spot for burial. There was only a sound of landslide and ground cracking, and the soldiers and coffins were buried deeply in the ground by the landslide. From then on, no one knew where Zhuge Liang was buried. However, in Dingjun Mountain in Mian County, there is a legend like this: after the rope carrying the coffin was broken, the soldiers were about to dig a hole for burial on the spot. Suddenly, they heard a sound of mountain collapse and ground cracking, and a grave pit opened up in a depression at the foot of the mountain. Ye Buxiao just happened to Ethiopians Escort put down a coffin. It seemed that Zhuge Liang could really choose the spring platform after his death, so the soldiers immediately carried the coffin to the ready-made spring platform and buried it in accordance with his old man’s instructions during his lifetime. This is the origin of Zhuge’s tomb in Dingjunshan, Mian County. After hearing this, Old Man Dong said stubbornly and angrily: No matter which way you say it, this is Zhuge Liang’s.The real tomb, our Dong family has been guarding it for more than two thousand years, this is unmistakable! This eye of mine was injured when I stopped Kuomintang bandits from robbing a tomb in the 58th year of the Republic of China. In order not to make him angry and sad, I supported him and said, you are right, this is Zhuge Liang’s true grave! Everything else is fake. He happily knocked on the smoke pot and laughed in a simple manner. In the end, he said to me with certainty, you are the one Ethiopia Sugar Understanding Life is 10 percent what happens to me and 90 percent how I react to it. Why are there 42 doors in the tomb passage? Because including the tomb entrance, there are 43 gates, which correspond to the forty-three years that Zhuge Liang was alive. The 16 stone gates in the tomb correspond to the sixteen years that Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Bei and his son. If this is not a real tomb, how do you explain these 42 stone doors in the tomb passage and 16 stone doors in the tomb? For Ethiopia Escort What is the name of the stopover dam here? It just makes you give up the idea of looking for Zhuge Liang’s real tomb here, otherwise you will be in disaster. It’s just that people are shouting and shouting and it becomes Zhifang Dam. In fact, who knows its real name and origin? I couldn’t help but think that Zhuge Liang was born in 181 AD and died in Wuzhangyuan at the same timeEthiopians EscortIn the middle of every difficulty lieEthiopians Sugardaddys opportunity. 234 years, which is exactly 43 years of life. When Zhuge Liang was 28 years old, that is, in 207 AD, he was moved by Liu Bei’s three visits to the thatched cottage and went out to assist them and his son until he died of illness in Wuzhangyuan in 223 AD, exactly 16 years ago. Could this be a coincidence? It can’t be such a coincidence, right? I couldn’t help but distrust Old Man Dong’s statement, and I believed that this royal tomb in my hometown was indeed Zhuge Liang’s real tomb. Later, the number 8341 of the Beijing Garrison corresponds to the legend that Mao Taizu lived for 83 years and held power for 41 years. Do something today that your future self will thank you for. A secret that I have kept secret for decades.Ru Shen has never done any further research on this matter. Not long after I resumed my studies and left my hometown, I started working, getting married, having children, etc., and I was always traveling. For decades, I was traced by rivers and mountains, and washed by lakes and seas, but I never had the opportunity to talk about transportation with Mr. Dong again. Not long ago, I heard someone from my hometown say that Mr. Dong has been dead for more than ten years, and his descendants are scattered and missing. The unguarded imperial tomb was also robbed and blown up into a mountain by people who did not know the reason in the past few years. Because in the spring platform of Zhuge Wuhou, there is nothing except a white skeleton. But the armors of those Shu soldiers were still shiny after being scrubbed, and they were sold for a lot of money… I was speechless for a long time after hearing this, and I hope Zhuge Liang’s gravekeeper, Old Man Dong, sleeps peacefully underground. Ah-door!
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- 03/06/2025
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“自得”是中國現代論學、論藝、論詩應用得相當廣泛的一個主要概念,特殊是在宋代表學發生后,理學家標榜其學為“自得”之學,其論學又貴自得,“自得”的應用頻率就更高。南宋學者真德秀,一部《西山唸書記》,“自得”一詞就呈現近百次。元代學者、文人應用“自得”一詞廣泛較多。明代陳獻章,其應用“自得”一詞的頻率不下于真德秀,其他如方孝孺、楊士奇、王守仁等,“自得”都是他們著作中凸起的高頻詞。于是,在宋以后的學術和詩學範疇,“自得”遂成為一個特殊主要的概念。可是,古人對“自得”概念的研討卻很少。就筆者所見,有李春青《論自得——兼談宋學對宋代詩學的影響》(《中國文明研討》1998年夏之卷),張毅《“萬物靜不雅皆自得”——儒家心學與詩學片論》(《中國文明研討》2002年冬之卷)。兩位的研討各有創獲,但鑒于“自得”概念的主要性,應用的普遍性和寄義的豐盛復雜性,這一題目無疑還有持續研討的需要。 要熟悉詩學“自得”論,就必需先清楚理學中的“自得”以及理學發生之前的“自得”概念,不然詩學中的“自得”概念無論若何都是說不清的。對“自得”作溯本探源的考核,是不成少的。 一、理學發生以前之“自得”論 “自得”一詞起源甚早,自先秦至宋代表學發生以前,“自得”一詞一向被普遍應用。先秦時代已用以論學,后來又用以論藝。當然,在分歧的語境中和分歧的話語體系中,其寄義是很不雷同的。追述并理清其意義變更,對熟悉宋元人論學論詩中“自得”概念,是非常需要的。 1.孟、莊之“自得” “自得”一詞,在戰國文獻中曾經屢見。影響最年夜的,當屬孟子之論。《孟子·離婁下》記孟子之言曰:“正人進修之以道,欲其自得之也。自得之則居之安,居之安則資之深,資之深則取之擺佈逢其原。故正人欲其自得之也。”他講的是為學的體驗和到達的境界。由于孟子之論直接為宋代表學家所施展,下文會較多觸及,此處暫不臚陳。先秦諸子中應用“自得”一詞較多的是莊子,代表之論是說人應“自得其得”而不用“得人之得”,如《莊子·駢拇》說:“吾所謂聰者,非謂其聞彼也,自聞罷了矣;吾所謂明者,非謂其見彼也,自見罷了矣夫。不自見而見彼,不自得而得彼者,是得人之得,而不自得其得者也;適人之適,而不自適其適者也。”自適其適而不適人之適,自得其得而不得人之得,追蹤關心自我,身與心都著意獲取自性的知足,不從人以掉己。這是莊子的主意。到西晉人郭象注《莊子》,“自得”就成了焦點詞語。上海詞典出書社《哲學年夜辭典》說明郭象“自得”概念說:一是“指以安于天性為知足”,一是“指一種無依據的變更,義近獨化”。前一義,引《逍遠游》題下郭象注:“夫小年夜雖殊,而放于自得之場,則物任其性,事稱其能,各當其分,逍遠一也。”后一義,引《大批師》“夫道,無情有信,有為有形,可傳而不成受,可得而不成見”一節注:“道能幹也,此言得之于道,乃所以明其自得耳。自得耳,道不克不及使之得也。我之未得,又不克不及為得也。然則凡得之者,外不資于道,內不由于己,掘然自得而獨化也。”郭象此注顯然已分歧莊子之意。在郭象看來,事物之變更既非報酬,也非道的感化或遵守道的規定,而由于本身所具有的一種不成知的工具。“自得”之義,于是有些奧秘化。但這種“自得”之義,對后世卻頗有影響。 我們感到孟子與莊子所言“自得”,其義似乎頗不雷同,但元代學者陳櫟卻看到了其相通或甚至可說是雷同處,他說:“自得之說何昉乎?其殆昉于鄒孟氏、蒙莊氏乎?‘自得之則居之安’,其論正;‘得人之得而非自得其得’,其論奇。趣若異,回則同也。”他說明這雷同處是:“夫道可受而不成傳,中必自得,外至斯能受”,借以講為學之表裡關系。由於“道”“可受而不成傳”,所以“自得”就很是主要。所謂“不成傳”,實在道仍是要傳,只不外對于接收者來說,外有所受(外受)的前提是內有自得。自得為外受之前提,有自得,外受才有能夠(“中必自得,外至斯能受”)。則所謂“自得”,可以懂得為自心的感悟和貫通。這種懂得,顯然受了理學的影響。 2.屈原等以自足、恬愉為基礎義之“自得” 秦漢時,“自得”有最樸素之義,年夜致與自適、自安附近,是人個別心思感觸感染的描寫,心境愉悅而無悶,與“自掉”相反。屈原《遠游》:“漠虛靜以恬愉兮,澹有為而自得。聞赤松之清塵兮,愿乘風乎遺則。”清人蔣驥《山帶閣注楚辭》卷五釋曰:“自得,即恬愉之意。……虛靜而恬愉,有為而自得,正所為赤松清塵也,異乎迫厄而悲者矣。”所謂“清塵”,即安靜有為的境界,高傲的遺風,高貴的品德。自得則安靜有為,因此也寬閑自足,表示為怡然恬愉的心靈狀況與境界。《禮記·中庸》說:“正人素其位而行,不愿乎其外。素貧賤行乎貧賤,素富貴行乎富貴,素蠻夷行乎蠻夷,素患難行乎患難。正人無進而不自得焉。”循分守素,無過當之求,則無往而不自得。此亦近乎自足之意。這一意義之“自得”,一向用得很廣泛,如嵇康《與山巨源盡交書》:“所謂達能兼善而不渝,窮則自得而無悶。”此所謂自得乃不自掉。這一意義逐步由表現自足愉悅的心情向景象和境界演化,于是就與人的品德產生聯絡接觸。王羲之《蘭亭序》寫蘭亭會時之良辰美景,以及此時此境中的心情:“是日也,天朗氣清,惠風和暢。仰不雅宇宙之年夜,俯察品類之盛,所以游目騁懷,足以極視聽之娛,信可樂也。夫人之相與,俯仰一世,或取諸懷抱,晤言一室之內;或因寄所托,放浪形骸之外。雖趣舍萬殊,靜躁分歧,當其欣于所遇,暫得于己,快然自足,不知老之將至。”“快然自足”,一本作“快然自得”(“欣于所遇,暫得于己”也表達如許一種情懷),自足也即自得。王羲之《蘭亭序》實為《上巳日會蘭亭曲水詩》序,王羲之自己詩有四言、五言各一首,四言詩有云:“欣此暮春,和睦載柔。詠彼舞雩,異世同流。”此即所謂“快然自得”。明人葉盛推尊王羲之,認為後人不克不及懂得王羲之之襟懷胸襟,說:“王右軍羲之《蘭亭詩》,有‘詠彼舞雩’之言,亦可見其襟抱非凡。”詠彼舞雩,即《論語》所記曾點言志:“莫春者,春服既成,冠者五六人,孺子六七人,浴乎沂,風乎舞雩,詠而回。”是儒家后學常贊賞的守素樂道,王羲之有這般胸襟,所以也盛稱他“襟抱非凡”。后世儒者向往“詠彼舞雩”(或稱“浴沂舞雩”)之景象,這些對后代詩學有著直接影響。 此一意義之“自得”,還有負面義,《史記》記錄:“晏子為齊相,出,其御之妻從門間而窺其夫。其夫為相御,擁年夜蓋,策駟馬,洋洋得意,甚自得也。既而回,其妻請往。夫問其故。妻曰:‘晏子長不滿六尺,身相齊國,名顯諸侯。今者妾不雅其出,志念深矣,常有以自下者。今子長八尺,乃為人仆御,然子之意自認為足,妾是以求往也’。”此乃驕傲自溢,大人物警惕胸,缺少年夜氣度年夜心胸,小有所得即趾高氣揚。此一意義,后世也一向沿用。如元代楊弘道《優伶語錄》所載故事,說在昔時避兵逃亂時,遇一同路人,“不負不荷,如有余赍”,“怪而問之,曰:‘我優伶也。’且曰:‘技同相習,道同相得。相習則相親焉,相得則相恤焉。某處或人,優伶也。某地或人,亦優伶也。我奚以資糧為?’言竟,自得之色浮于面。”此優伶之“自得”,乃自得揚揚,神情實足,沾沾自喜,有驕人之色。“自得”的這種負面意義,與學術和詩論中之“自得”,關系不年夜。 3.論藝之“自得” “自得”一詞進進詩學範疇較晚,但進進書論畫論卻很早。唐人書論畫論中已屢見,但其義卻多有與先前分歧者。有“自若”意,如唐人竇臮《述書賦》評梁尚書仆射瑯琊人王克書法:“名劣筆健,乃逢王克。通流未精,疏快不忒。猶冬烘宿士,應用自得。”自得即自若。又有“自放”義,如唐朱景玄《唐朝名畫錄》記李靈省畫:“李靈省,落托不拘檢。長愛畫山川,每圖一幛,非其所欲,不即強為也。但以酒生思,傲然自得,不知王公之尊貴。若畫山川竹樹……得很是之體,符造化之功,不拘于品德,自得其趣爾。”其為人之“落托不拘檢”、“傲然自得”,與其書之“不拘于品德,自得其趣”,都有“自放”義。安分守紀不成能有藝術發明,故藝術的自得取向于打破陳規,是很可以懂得的。自放才幹舒卷自若,翩然自得,構成本身特點,有超然之趣。所以,藝術的自得往往與超然之趣相連,表示為超出法式的自得。宋人所著《宣和書譜》這般評價釋曇林書法: 釋曇林,莫知世。貫作小楷,下筆無力,一點畫不妄作。然修整矜持,正類經生之品德高者。……累數千字,終始一概,不掉行次,便于疾讀。但恨拘窘法式,無飄然自得之態。然其一波三折,筆之勢亦自不茍。豈其意與筆正,特見嚴謹,亦可嘉矣。 “飄然自得”從自放來,其背面是“修整矜持”、“拘窘法式”。不克不及“自放”就殊乏意趣。超出法式,舒卷自若,是為飄然自得。自放之義的“自得”,也融進了詩學不雅念,詩學“自得”不雅念中往往有舒放不拘的寄義。以自放為自得也不難以懂得。所謂“自得”,于道則為奇特貫通,不滯礙,無羈絆。于技于藝,則超出法式,瀟灑自若為自得。其精力仍是相通的。總之,“自得”是一種境界,一種達于為所欲為的境界。 當然,論藝之自得,更多的時辰仍是單獨有得之意。這一意義的自得,用于作書作畫,指首創而不蹈襲後人,或超出師法達于首創境界;用于不雅書不雅畫,則指自會于心,于所不雅作品之精力與妙處默契于心。用清人金圣嘆的話說,是為“高手所寫”與“妙眼所見”(《杜詩解·戲題王宰畫山川圖歌》)。前者如宋人米芾《畫史》所論:“大略牛馬人物,一模便似;山川摹皆不成。山川,心匠自得處高也。”這里“心匠自得”是與模仿絕對的概念,唯心有所得,不依傍別人,才能夠有首創。又《宣和畫譜》論郭熙畫說:…