My hometown is on the bank of the Xihe River in the hinterland of Micang Mountain. Its name is Zhifangba, but later it became Zhifangba. The Xihe River runs across the eastern part of the mountain village from south to north, forming a dam of nearly one hundredEthiopia Sugar Daddy acres. The mountain village is tenEthiopia Sugar Several families are scattered in BaziEthiopians On the ridge to the west of Escort. In the middle of this mountain village stretches a ridge of more than 200 meters long and 100 meters high from west to east. Because there is an ancient tomb in the middle of the ridge, which is said to be the tomb of a royal family, so the master named this ridge It is the imperial tomb beam, and that ancient tomb is called the imperial tomb. More than fifty years ago, as a young child, I followed my older children, lighting kerosene lamps and exploring the royal tombs several times with a terrifying and mysterious mood. The imperial tomb only needs a doorway, and the deep tomb passage is made of tall and smooth stones, and the stones are The seams between the stones are so tight that the gaps are almost invisible. There is a stone door every one meter on both sides of the tomb passage. After passing a long section of the tomb passage, you arrive at a tomb chamber of about thirty square meters. It is still surrounded by dense stone doors. The chamberEthiopia Sugar was topped by ET EscortsAt night, you can see the small spiral stone masonry. In the middle, a stone slab about the size of a dining table is carved with strange talisman and seal patterns. If you look at it for a long time, you will feel dizzy. I clearly remember that there were 42 stone gates in the middle of the tomb passage and 16 stone gates around the tomb chamber. There was a dark wind inside the tomb, and the kerosene lamps were often blown around. My friends and I took the time to search for hemp money with small shovels in the air of the tomb, feeling uneasy and nervous. When Go Ethiopia Sugar Daddy confidently in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you have imagined. Everyone finds a buck or two After that, they immediately swarmed out like ghosts chasing their feet, and their mood was veryComforting and joyful. There is an old man surnamed Dong who is about fifty years old in the mountain village. He is tall and has a blind eye that sheds scarlet tears all year round. He looks very scary. It is said that his family has been guarding the imperial tombs for generations, so every time we explore the imperial tombs, we have to carefully avoid him and wait until he goes to work somewhere farther away before we dare to go. Around the 1970s of the last century, I was a teenager and I became more courageous. Because I dropped out of school and stayed at home, I read a lot of miscellaneous books and thought about adventures and other things all day long. One day when I had nothing to do, I went to explore the imperial tomb alone, hoping to find a few hemp coins to play with. In the dark tomb passage, I cautiously explored the path alone, preparing to light the kerosene lamp when I reached the tomb chamber. When I reached the stone gate of the fourth tomb passage, I heard the creaking sound of the stone gate. Old Man Dong walked out of it like a ghost and blocked me behind me. I had no mental preparation at all, and I had never thought that there was any space behind the stone door of the tomb. Suddenly I saw Old Man Dong appear, and I couldn’t help but feel the hair on my body standing on end, my scalp was numb, and I almost lost my mind. Old Man Dong was not as angry as I imagined, nor did he beat or scold me. Instead, he pulled me into a small room about five or six meters square behind the stone door. It turned out that this was the residence of the tomb keeper, and there were pots and pans everywhere. Everything is available. Mr. Dong told me in a serious tone: This is the tomb of Zhuge Liang, the modern scheming genius. It is best not to enter if you have nothing to do, otherwise it will be very unlucky to offend the immortal. I couldn’t help laughing after hearing this, what is Zhuge Liang’s tomb? You can just coax those melon babies. I learned from books that there was only one tomb in Dingjun Mountain in Mian County after Zhuge Liang’s death, and no one knows the real tomb. If this imperial tomb is Zhuge Liang’s tomb, I’m afraid it would have been excavated long ago and would it still be preserved to this day? Old Man Dong shook his gray head, with a look of uneducated contempt on his face: You bastard, you know what I want! Who among the older generation doesn’t understand? Just because they understand it, no one dares to dig it. Sima Yi was a very talented person back then. In order to excavate Zhuge Liang’s tomb, he wanted to find a unique military book. As a result, after finding the tomb and digging into the tomb passage, a large swarm of wasps suddenly flew out from the depths of the tomb passage and stung the Wei soldiers. They scurried away with their heads in their hands. The second time, Sima Yi asked the soldiers to burn the tomb first, and then dig the tomb. Ethiopians Sugardaddy Unexpectedly, a big fire lit the tomb passage. The buried explosives and an earth-shattering explosion killed countless Wei soldiers. Sima Yi then flooded the tomb with water for three days and three nights, and then dug into the tomb. After entering the tomb, I found a stone table in the center of the tomb with a military book underneath. Sima Yi was so surprised that he couldn’t help but read it immediately. However, after the tomb was flooded, the papers of the military book were glued together, so he could not turn over them smoothly., Sima Yi then dipped his index finger in saliva and looked through it. Unexpectedly, at the bottom of each article was written in large letters: Sima Yi is treated by life, Sima Yi is treated by death. The more Sima Yi read, the angrier he became. He kept drooling and flipping through it until he came to the last article, which still read: “Sima Yi will be cured by life, and Sima Yi will be cured by death.” At this time, Sima Yi’s mouth was dry, his heart was filled with anger, his lips were numb, and various terrifying phantoms appeared in front of him. Be alert immediately: Poisoned! He hurriedly rolled and crawled out of the tomb, and died in mourning before he could even mount his horse. YouEthiopians Escortthink about it, even a great figure like Sima Yi died in Zhuge Liang’s miraculous plot after his death, who would Dare you dig his old man’s grave again? After hearing this, I was still very unconvinced: How can you conclude that this is Zhuge Liang’s true tomb? Old Man Dong wiped the tears from his blind eyes and said, you really asked the right person about this! The family motto passed down from generation to generation by my Dong family ancestors is that even if you are begging for food, you must wait around the imperial tombs to protect the tombs of the sages from ratsEthiopia Sugar has small crumbs. He leisurely lit a pot of dry smoke and said longingly: It seems like a very far-off job. It is said that two thousand years ago, my ancestors made a living by hunting here in Zhifangba. One morning, my ancestor got up early and went up the mountain to hunt. When he walked to the royal tomb beam, he found four Shu warriors digging holes to bury people. He felt very strange. He didn’t know any of these people. Who was buried? So I hid aside and watched. After a while, several soldiers completed the burial and gathered together to discuss: Zhuge’s military advisor became ill due to overwork and died of illness in Wuzhangyuan. General Jiang Wei secretly returned the coffin to Shu without announcing the funeral. Now the Lord asked five of us Ethiopia Sugar to bury the matter secretly, but we were only rewarded with four silver ingots. It is unfair no matter how we divide it. , we might as well give up on the cowards who cook, Ethiopians EscortEach person gets a silver ingot to go home and live his life. How can this person be unaware of it? The others cheered loudly. So the four of them came to the foot of the mountain, chopped the Huotoujun who was cooking to death, then opened the lid of the pot and started eating. They just wanted to finish the meal quickly, divide the money and go home. ET Escorts Didn’t think soBefore the meal was finished, the four people struggled, rolled, and died one after another. It turned out that the fire-headed soldier also wanted to monopolize the four silver ingots, so he poisoned the food. Unexpectedly, the four soldiers killed him before they had eaten. Then, the four soldiers also walked up. The road to hell. This is really how people perish for wealth and birds perish for food. Old Man Dong went on to say that his ancestors learned that the person buried here was Zhuge Military Advisor who loved the people as his own son, so he called his family to bury the five Shu soldiers together on both sides of the imperial tomb, and contacted several nearby companies. Funds were raised to repair the tombs, and they were passed down from generation to generation to protect the tombs of the sages from being robbed by criminals. For thousands of years, the real tomb of Zhuge Liang’s military advisor has been preserved intact under the protection of the Dong family generation after generation. I said to Old Man Dong: Actually, five people were responsible for the burial, but only four silver ingots were given. This should be Zhuge Liang’s plan before his death. He took advantage of the weakness of human nature to deliberately provoke conflicts and kill each other. , in this way, no one knows where the real grave is. But days are not as good as people’s calculations, Ethiopians SugardaddyZhuge Liang never calculated Ethiopia SugarYour ancestors saw this happening. Fortunately, your ancestors were so loyal and have been waiting for his tomb for dozens of generations. Maybe this matter was also part of his old man’s plan. However, it is not certain whether this thing is true. Because I also know another buried version of Zhuge Liang. Old Man Dong was so angry that his face turned red: Say it, say it, let me see what you can say! So I told another version of burial that I knew ET Escorts. It is said that when Zhuge Liang was about to die, he orally passed on to his successor: After my death, there will definitely be a lot of people coming to rob the tomb. For the sake of safety, you don’t need to make any big arrangements. You only need to order four people to carry the coffin and go south. . Tell them to carry it to any place where the wood and ropes are broken, and they can bury it wherever they want. As a result Ethiopia Sugar the four soldiers discussed with each other on the way to carry the coffin: Such a new rope, such a strong funeral stick, If you carry it to the year of the ox and the month of the horse, will the wood break and the rope break? So that night, I didn’t know where I was in Daba Mountain, so I just buried the coffin. Motivation is what gets you started. Habit is what keeps you going. Buried on a yellow mud hill, and then returned to the palace to resume his life, lying that the wood had been broken, the ropes had been broken, and the coffin had been properly buried. Although Liu Chan, the later master, was ignorant and ignorant, he still understood common sense. How could the newly made stick and rope break after one day? This was definitely a lie about the military situation. In anger, he immediately ordered the execution of these four smart soldiers. But after the murder, the queen remembered where these four people buried Ethiopians Sugardaddy his adoptive father? I haven’t bothered to ask yet. In fact, this was something Zhuge Liang had already planned before his death. Of course, there is another version besides this: It is said that Zhuge Liang said before his death that he would choose the burial place and only needed to send four Ethiopia Sugar Daddy The soldiers can just carry the coffin and walk southward. As for where it is, when they reach that geomantic treasure place, the rope carrying the coffin will break. Then he was buried on the spot. In fact, Zhuge Liang had already calculated that the natural phenomenon of landslide would occur at a certain time and place, so when four soldiers carried the When the coffin reached that place, the rope was broken. According to customsEthiopia Sugar, the coffin could not reach the ground without burial. The soldiers were so frightened that they had to dig out a fountain on the spot for burial. There was only a sound of landslide and ground cracking, and the soldiers and coffins were buried deeply in the ground by the landslide. From then on, no one knew where Zhuge Liang was buried. However, in Dingjun Mountain in Mian County, there is a legend like this: after the rope carrying the coffin was broken, the soldiers were about to dig a hole for burial on the spot. Suddenly, they heard a sound of mountain collapse and ground cracking, and a grave pit opened up in a depression at the foot of the mountain. Ye Buxiao just happened to Ethiopians Escort put down a coffin. It seemed that Zhuge Liang could really choose the spring platform after his death, so the soldiers immediately carried the coffin to the ready-made spring platform and buried it in accordance with his old man’s instructions during his lifetime. This is the origin of Zhuge’s tomb in Dingjunshan, Mian County. After hearing this, Old Man Dong said stubbornly and angrily: No matter which way you say it, this is Zhuge Liang’s.The real tomb, our Dong family has been guarding it for more than two thousand years, this is unmistakable! This eye of mine was injured when I stopped Kuomintang bandits from robbing a tomb in the 58th year of the Republic of China. In order not to make him angry and sad, I supported him and said, you are right, this is Zhuge Liang’s true grave! Everything else is fake. He happily knocked on the smoke pot and laughed in a simple manner. In the end, he said to me with certainty, you are the one Ethiopia Sugar Understanding Life is 10 percent what happens to me and 90 percent how I react to it. Why are there 42 doors in the tomb passage? Because including the tomb entrance, there are 43 gates, which correspond to the forty-three years that Zhuge Liang was alive. The 16 stone gates in the tomb correspond to the sixteen years that Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Bei and his son. If this is not a real tomb, how do you explain these 42 stone doors in the tomb passage and 16 stone doors in the tomb? For Ethiopia Escort What is the name of the stopover dam here? It just makes you give up the idea of looking for Zhuge Liang’s real tomb here, otherwise you will be in disaster. It’s just that people are shouting and shouting and it becomes Zhifang Dam. In fact, who knows its real name and origin? I couldn’t help but think that Zhuge Liang was born in 181 AD and died in Wuzhangyuan at the same timeEthiopians EscortIn the middle of every difficulty lieEthiopians Sugardaddys opportunity. 234 years, which is exactly 43 years of life. When Zhuge Liang was 28 years old, that is, in 207 AD, he was moved by Liu Bei’s three visits to the thatched cottage and went out to assist them and his son until he died of illness in Wuzhangyuan in 223 AD, exactly 16 years ago. Could this be a coincidence? It can’t be such a coincidence, right? I couldn’t help but distrust Old Man Dong’s statement, and I believed that this royal tomb in my hometown was indeed Zhuge Liang’s real tomb. Later, the number 8341 of the Beijing Garrison corresponds to the legend that Mao Taizu lived for 83 years and held power for 41 years. Do something today that your future self will thank you for. A secret that I have kept secret for decades.Ru Shen has never done any further research on this matter. Not long after I resumed my studies and left my hometown, I started working, getting married, having children, etc., and I was always traveling. For decades, I was traced by rivers and mountains, and washed by lakes and seas, but I never had the opportunity to talk about transportation with Mr. Dong again. Not long ago, I heard someone from my hometown say that Mr. Dong has been dead for more than ten years, and his descendants are scattered and missing. The unguarded imperial tomb was also robbed and blown up into a mountain by people who did not know the reason in the past few years. Because in the spring platform of Zhuge Wuhou, there is nothing except a white skeleton. But the armors of those Shu soldiers were still shiny after being scrubbed, and they were sold for a lot of money… I was speechless for a long time after hearing this, and I hope Zhuge Liang’s gravekeeper, Old Man Dong, sleeps peacefully underground. Ah-door!
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新春佳節,人們紛紜在家中接待親友老友,這個時辰,桌子上往往會擺上一些堅果零食,便于人們一邊聊天,一邊享用。在備受人們愛好的年貨堅果中,“高興果”因其討喜的名字和奇特的口感博得了人們的愛好。少有人了解的是,高興果本來是來自中亞的陳舊精靈。 奧秘的阿月渾子 高興果的中文正式稱號叫做“阿月渾子”,顯然,沒人會按漢語的意思給堅果取一個這般怪僻的名字。“阿月渾子”這一稱號,實在來自異域。一百多年前,漢學家勞費爾師長教師就猜測,中文的“阿月渾子”一稱,能夠由中古波斯語的某個復合詞匯音譯而來。遺憾的是,迄今為止,還沒有人能從那宏大的古說話迷宮中找到阿月渾子簡直切詞源。 阿月渾子出生漆樹科黃連木屬,該屬有4個種類常常現身中國現代文獻:阿月渾子、篤耨噴鼻、乳噴鼻黃連木和黃連木(又稱黃楝樹)。乳噴鼻黃連木是洋乳噴鼻樹脂的起源。黃連木影響更為深遠,這種高峻喬木,中國前人稱為“楷木”,它是儒家的娑羅樹、孔子巨大品格的不朽象征,與象征周公的“模木”,構成了后世所說的“榜樣”一詞。有名農學家胡先骕在1942年的演講中先容到,外來作物阿月渾子可嫁接至中國罕見的楷木,從而培養成經濟作物。 阿月渾子樹無法像黃連木會議室出租那樣發育成20多米的年夜高個兒,它們凡是長到5米至7米就結束拔高了。阿月渾子供食用的部門為往除了果肉的果核(果仁)。春季果實成熟,果肉干燥舒展,顯露果核的外殼,此時果殼外部壓力將會增添,迫使果殼主動開裂。我們有時買到空果殼,是囫圇一體,沒有啟齒的,就是由於缺乏果仁。所以說,市道販售的阿月渾子一顆顆笑口年夜開,并非出于人工夾裂——而真的是“我裂開了”。 年夜凡堅果,凡是油脂含量豐盛,水分含量極低,淀粉含量也極低,所以堅果口感酥脆噴鼻醇,既不像谷物那樣干硬,也不像豆子那樣粉質感實足。堅果還往往具有難以名狀的特異幽香,像松子自帶松噴鼻味,核桃令人想起燥熱的山石,板栗口感溫厚有如熱陽拂過林梢。阿月渾子的幾個兄弟,篤耨噴鼻、乳噴鼻黃連木、幽香木,都是噴鼻料界的好手,阿月渾子也繼續了家族的芬芳血緣。當它骨骼般的堅果外殼輕輕張開,吐念陳舊芬馥的咒語,全世界為之歡樂贊嘆。 難以馴化的荒涼植物 一萬年前,中亞洞居人進進半荒涼的干旱之地深處,碰到了星斗般閃爍的阿月渾子。烏茲別克斯坦托達洞窟(Toda Cave)發明有人類最早享用阿月渾子的遺址,年月可以追溯到公元前8000年。果殼早已炭化,散落埋葬于小塊亂石之間,這些石塊很有能夠是開殼器,假設洞居人帶回的堅果不曾成熟開裂,他們會用石塊砸擊取食。 像托達洞窟如許,發明史後人類食用阿月渾子證據的考古遺址不算多見。無限幾處遺址的阿月渾子殘留物也非常稀疏,凡是僅見幾枚果殼碎片罷了,闡明人類一向未能馴化這交流一荒涼精靈。阿月渾子樹可忍受48℃的周遭的狀況低溫和-40℃的極冷,耐旱耐鹽,照理說不難照顧。可另一方面,阿月渾子牝牡異株,借風媒傳粉,盡非馬馬虎虎埋顆種子就能長年夜成果。牝牡異株植物費事就費事在,只種一棵樹確定結不出果子。種下雌樹,便需蒔植雄樹,牝牡的比例要把握恰當,種群的密度、多少數字也要達標。一切墨守成規,還得指看雌樹和雄樹同時開花,不然雄花綻盡,雌花枝頭寂寂,遲遲不開,一腔花粉飄散土壤,照樣結不了果。即便以上前提都能知足,栽培阿月渾子也盡非易事。阿月渾子樹生長極慢,從栽種到盛果期,需經十年。漫長的生長期,栽培的復雜性,增添了阿月渾子生孩子本錢,推延了它的馴化時光,也障礙了它的傳佈。 年夜約3500年前,阿月渾子才馴化勝利。約公元前10世紀,傳奇的示巴女王(Queen of Sheba)公佈法則,將境內無限的阿月渾子壟斷為王室專享,制止她的子平易近擅自蒔植采食。示共享會議室巴王國的地位,普通以為位于阿拉伯半島南部和東非一帶。假設示巴女王認真下達過如許的法則,那就意味著阿月渾子馴化后不久,即超出伊朗高原和阿拉伯半島,推行到了紅海沿岸。活潑于公元前4世紀的古希臘生物學家泰奧拉斯托斯(Theophrastus)具體描述過阿月渾子的形狀和口感,他稱阿月渾子為外來的希奇植物,發展在中亞,表白在他的時期,阿月渾子能夠尚未移植到歐洲果園。300年后,古羅馬學者老普林尼提到一條主要信息,他說,阿月渾子由提比略天子統治末期的敘利亞總督維特利烏斯(Lucius Vitellius,公元前5年至51年)從敘利亞引進了意年夜利。不外古代考古暫未發明該時代歐洲人蒔植阿月渾子的證據,或許維特利烏斯帶回意年夜利的阿月渾子,沒種幾年就都種逝世了。 昂貴的入口零食…
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- 03/04/2025
- 1 min read
假如說到明末清初的佳人,李漁盡對是備受注視的一個。李漁字笠鴻,號笠翁,別名覺世稗官、笠道人、隨庵主人、湖上笠翁,浙江金華蘭溪人,生于明萬歷三十九年(1611年),卒于清康熙十九年(1680年),是有名的文學家、戲劇家、美學家、造園家、出書家。 李漁自謂有兩年夜特技,“一則辨審音樂,一則置造園亭”。他為本身建造了蘭溪伊家教園、南京芥子園、杭州層園三座園林,據傳北京的惠園、半畝園、甘州的西園也是出自李漁的手筆。伊園有燕又堂、宛在亭、踏影廊、方塘、停舸等景物,李漁對其極端愛好,作有《伊園雜詠》《伊園十便》《伊園十二宜》(現實為《十宜》,只要十首詩)等詩。japan(日本)江戶時期的文人畫家池年夜雅、與謝蕪村依據《伊園十便》和《伊園十宜》詩意完成的《十便十宜圖》,1951年被認定為japan(日本)“國寶”。芥子園固然只要三畝,卻有假山、棲云谷、月榭、歌臺、浮白軒、一房山、來山閣等景物,充足應用了以小見年夜的造園伎倆,并采用了“便面窗”(即扇形窗)“尺幅窗”“梅窗”等立異情勢。層園依山而建,園內“深谷能躲四月春,林花初放人間陳”,又可以登覽湖山之勝,遠眺“堤上東坡才美麗,湖中西子面芙蓉”(《次韻和張壺陽察看題層園十首·其八》)。從這些園林中可以看出李漁造園的高明身手。 李漁不單長于創作,並且善于實際總結,其所著《閑情偶寄》共有《詞曲部》《演習部》《聲容部》《居室部》《器玩部》《飲饌部》《蒔植部》《保養部》八個部門,匯集了他關于戲曲創作與扮演、儀容審美、建筑園林、家具擺設、花木蒔植、飲食、攝生等範疇的實際,此中尤以戲曲和建筑園林實際最為主要。林語堂將《閑情偶寄》譽為“中國人生涯藝術的指南”(《生涯的藝術》)。中公營造學社將此中與營建親密相干的《居室部》和《器玩部》出書,闞鐸撰寫的《識語》賜與高度評價,稱“內裡于計畫布置,別有機杼,且不為他書編製所囿,尤以應用資料,為匠心獨運,要義如牌欄聯匾各類舊式,皆為後人所未有”。有名建筑學家童寯在《江南園林志》中評價《園冶》以外的園林古籍時說:“造園一事,見于他書者,如《癸辛雜識》《笠翁偶集》《浮生六記》《履園叢話》等,類皆斷錦孤云,不成體系。且除李笠翁為真通其技之人,率皆愛好使然,發為群情,非本本身之經歷。”《閑情偶寄》沒有專門的部門零丁闡述園林,其造園說散見于《居室部》和《蒔植部》,固然在后人看來不成體系,但這些“斷錦孤云”之語又可以看出李漁確切知曉造園身手的真理。 《閑情偶寄》中關于造園的闡述重要見于《居室部》中《屋舍》《窗欄》《山石》各篇,《墻壁》《聯匾》中也有部門闡述與園林相干的做法。《屋舍篇》重要是講造園的基礎準繩。李漁誇大造園要立異,對“事事皆仿名園”的做法提出批駁,以為造園就要“隨機應變,不拘偏見”,每個細節都要自行design,給游者以不同凡響之感。他又提出營建“最忌奢侈”,應當“貴精不貴麗,貴別緻年夜雅,不貴纖巧爛漫”。對于園林場地,李漁以為要有高低之勢,假如地形不符,可以高處造屋,低處建樓;也可以低處疊石為山,高處浚水為池;還可以在高處豎閣疊山,在低處挖塘鑿井,使高處更高、低處更低,總之要隨機應變。李漁的三座宅園,伊園建于山麓,芥子園旁有小山,層園依山而建,都是應用地形高低停止營建。對于途徑,李漁提出“徑莫便于捷,而又莫妙于迂”,假如途徑波折以增添風景,就要另開耳門,便利疾速通行。 《窗欄》篇最能表現李漁的發明力,重要闡述若何經由過程分歧情勢的窗將室外的景不雅收于聚會場地室內,稱“開窗莫妙于借景”。李漁最後想在西湖買一條游船,船的兩側封鎖,只開扇面形窗,坐在船中,則兩岸風景都可映進扇面窗,成為“自然丹青”,並且畫面隨時變換,“現出百萬萬幅佳山佳水”。在船內景色攝進船中的同時,游人也可以看到船內的人物,“以內視外,固是一幅便面山川;而以外視內,亦是一幅扇頭人物”,互為借景。這一設法很像卞之琳《斷章》詩意:“你站在橋上看景致,看景致的人在樓上看你。明月裝潢了你的窗子,你裝潢了他人的夢。”由于買船假想未能完成,李漁造芥子園時在樓頭設置扇面窗,以欣賞鐘山風景。李漁還在扇面窗外置板,將盆花、籠鳥放于其上,組合出各類畫面。“尺幅窗”“無意畫”是李漁的一年夜發明。芥子園浮白軒后有小山一座,此中可見“丹崖碧水、茂林修竹、叫禽響瀑、茅舍板橋”。李漁感到“是山也,而可以作畫;是畫也,而可認為窗”,就在窗的四邊貼紙,好像中堂畫的鑲邊,而屋后的山就成了畫心,“坐而不雅之,則窗非窗也,畫也;山非屋后之山,即畫上之山也”。李漁的另一個發明是“梅窗”,自認是生平第一佳作。他在棲云谷的窗上用枯枝做框,又用枯枝在窗內做成兩枝梅花的構圖,“同人見之,無不叫盡”。 《山石》全篇闡述園林疊山,分年夜山、小山、石壁、石洞和零碎小石,所論可以看出李漁對疊山身手的精曉。李漁以為年夜山全用石不免有“修理穿鑿之痕”,是私密空間以應采用土石聯合的以土代石法,“既減人工,又省物力,且有自然勉強之妙。混假山于真山之中,使人不克不及辨者,其法莫妙于此”。而小山要以石為主,采用外石內土法,在外型上要以“透、漏、瘦”為美,在堆疊時不用過于誇大將雷同的石紋、石色聚在一路,可以“隨取隨得,變更從心”,可是要根據山石的紋理和外形堆疊,才幹雅觀和牢固。假山的石洞假如太小,可以和房子相連,屋中放置幾塊小石,使屋與洞混為一體,“雖居屋中,與坐洞中無異矣”。石洞中還可以貯水,經由過程漏隙發生絲毫之聲,如同身處深谷之中。石壁的做法相似壘墻,只需略微紆回進退,使山體嶙峋,仰不雅如刀削般峻峭,就和“窮崖盡壑無異”,北京北海公園靜心齋和噴鼻猴子園噴鼻山寺的石壁假山都是這種做法的范例。對于有力作假山的貧士,可以安頓零碎山石,在不雅瞻之余用作椅榻、欄桿、幾案。 與計成在《園冶》中只要關于花木的只言片語和文震亨在《長物志》中僅批評花木分歧,李漁在《閑情偶寄》中專有《蒔植部》闡述園林植物的審美特色、習慣、栽植方法和園林用處,表現出他在造園實際上的一年夜特色,即土木營建和花木蒔植并重。《蒔植部》包含《草本》《藤本》《草本》《眾卉》《竹木》5篇,列有草本花草23種、藤本花草9種、草花15種、不雅葉植物9種、高峻樹木和竹子9種,此中不乏獨到的看法和經歷之談。例如,李漁依據草本、藤本、草本植物的壽命是非,得出根是萬物壽命的決議原因,想讓花木茂盛,就要先穩固它的根。《群芳譜》記錄瑞噴鼻“名麝囊,能損花,宜另植”。李漁發明此花公然有麝噴鼻味,而麝噴鼻味會傷害損失其他花草,可瑜伽教室是瑞噴鼻開于冬春之交,是“群花搖落,諸卉未榮”之時,所以影響不年夜。菊花與牡丹、芍藥并列,被稱為三種奇葩,但李漁以為牡丹、芍藥不需人力也能長得很好,而菊花之美全仗人力投進,不該并列。未嫁接的桃樹花樣好,可是只要鄉下才有,所以賞桃花就要騎驢郊行,隨便走動,“如武陵人之偶進桃源”,在園中賞桃花是不克不及“得其真趣”的。柳樹姿勢精美,還有蟬叫鳥語,可是枝葉茂盛就不漏月光,所以在蒔植之初就要預留空地,“以待月輪出沒”。芥子園不到三畝,除往建筑、假山只余一畝,蒔植年夜石榴四五株,應用石榴根部宜石、樹隱蔽日、枝柯向天的習慣,“裝點吾居,使不落寞”。梅花開時氣象嚴寒,園中賞梅可以設幾扇紙屏,四面開窗,下面覆頂,在此中欣賞。這似乎是以窗借景的一個變體。 《居室部》中提到《園冶》,由此可以斷定李漁看過《園冶》。一如計成寫作《園冶》是為了擴展影響,追求雇主,在《園冶》中屢次誇大造園需求“能主之人”,李漁也有相似的目標,在《居室部》中誇大造園是其兩年夜特技之一。此內在重要的造園不雅點上,兩者也有分歧性。例如,計成和李漁都以為造園要隨機應變,也都否決仿名園舊制且涓滴不變,以為要不拘泥于偏見,發明新意。在處置地形上,計成的“高方欲就亭臺,低凹可開沼澤”與李漁的“因其高而愈高之,豎閣磊峰于峻坡之上;因其卑而愈卑之,穿塘鑿井于下濕之區”簡直一樣。在窗的應用上,計成的“窗戶虛鄰,收四時之爛漫”“剎宇隱環窗,仿佛片圖小李”不雅念與李漁的“便面窗”“尺幅窗”類似。在疊山的做法上,計成和李漁都建議采用以土代石法。但兩者也有分歧不雅點,如李漁喜用藤本編屏,而計成則說“最厭編屏”。總體而言,《閑情偶寄》在造園闡述上不及《園冶》周全體系,可是這些如斷錦孤云的文字仍包含了李漁的一孔之見,具有高度的實際價值,是以不掉為中國園林史上一部主要的造園著作。 1對1教學(作者:傅凡,系北京建筑年夜學傳授)